LESSON 04
Physics of Music
Harmonics, timbre & musical scales.
Frequency1.00×
Amplitude1.00×
Music is organised sound. The same note from a violin and a flute sound different because of their unique mix of harmonics — this is called timbre.
Fundamental & harmonics
When a string or air column vibrates, it produces a fundamental frequency plus quieter higher frequencies called harmonics or overtones.
Timbre
The blend of harmonics gives each instrument its unique 'colour' of sound.
Beats
Two close frequencies create a slow pulsing called beats — used by musicians to tune instruments.
Key Formulas
Beat frequency
f_beat = |f₁ − f₂|
Hz
Real-life applications
- Tuning a guitar
- Auto-tune software
- Concert hall acoustics
Summary
- Harmonics give instruments their timbre.
- Beats help with tuning.
Check Yourself
Q1.Two notes of 440 Hz and 444 Hz produce beats at…
Q2.Timbre is mostly determined by…